The Spread of Disease In the New World :: American America History

The Spread of Disease In the New WorldThe extraordinary good health of the natives prior to the coming of the Europeans would become a key broker in their disastrous undoing. The capaciousest cause of disease in America was epidemic diseases imported from Europe. Epidemic diseases killed with added virulence in the virgin soil populations of the Americas. The great plague that arose in the Old World never emerged on their own among the western hemisphere and did not spread across oceans until Columbus disc everyplacey. Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which atomic number 18 characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They argon too characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen washbowl overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may die to establish itself within the host and die. The main clinicals of the pathogen are to gain entry inside the host, once inside grow and reproduce, and avoid host defenses. There are three possible routes of infection respiratory, alimentary, and traumatic. The respiratory route is the easiest and most direct means of entry. Under crowded conditions, the rate of infection is even more rapid. The diseases brought over to America were mainly spread by the respiratory method. The alimentary pathway of infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Throughout Europe during the fifteenth century, food and water were contaminated with fecal matter and by unsanitary habits ( i.e. the lack of bathing). The traumatic route of infection is through insect and animal bites. The objective of the host is to escape from the pathogen. This can be done through the use of the immune system or by quickly dying. When a host dies with the pathogen so far inside the pathogen dies as well. Resistance to invaders evolved as a result of the development of the mechanism of immunity. The development of immunity depends on the recognition of differences in chemical structures of substances.

Telecommunication :: essays research papers

hirsute Sets and Systems Lotfi A. Zadeh, The founder of fuzzy logic comp.ai.fuzzy New fuzzy archive by thread. fuzzed Logic Tools and Companies. General sources of fuzzy information. Maintained by Bob John. Conferences and Workshops on Fuzzy Systems 1990-2001 From the Parallel and Distributed affect Laboratory of the Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece World Federation on Soft Computing Artificial Intelligence-related frequently Asked Questions Professional Organizations and NetworksInternational Fuzzy Systems Association (IFSA) IFSA is a worldwide organization dedicated to the support and increase of the theory of fuzzy sets and systems and related areas and their applications, publishes the International journal of Fuzzy Sets and Systems, holds International conferences, establishes chapters and sponsors other activities. Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Systems (SOFT) Established in 1989. SOFT has 1,670 individual members and 74 company members, publishes an official semimonthly journal and organizes fuzzy systems symposiums. There are 8 regional branches and 8 enquiry groups in SOFT. Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC) BISC Program is the world-leading pith for basic and applied research in soft computing. The principal constituents of soft computing (SC) are fuzzy logic (FL), neural network theory (NN) and probabilistic reasoning (PR), with the latter subsuming belief networks, evolutionary computing including DNA computing, chaos theory and parts of learning theory. North American Fuzzy Information process Society (NAFIPS) As the premier fuzzy society in North America established in 1981, our purpose is to help guide and encourage the emergence of fuzzy sets and related technologies for the benefit of mankind. Please mail questions/comments to the NAFIPS president (presidentnafips.org) or to the NAFIPS web site maintainer (webmasternafips.org). Spanish Association of Fuzzy Logic and Technolog ies Promotes and disseminates the methods, techniques and developments of Fuzzy Logic and Technologies Establish relations with other national or international Associations with similar aims Organizes seminars and round tables on Fuzzy Logic and Technologies. Fuzzy Research Groups in Spain. The European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology (EUSFLAT) Established in 1998. The main goal of EUSFLAT are to represent the European fuzzy community of IFSA. To hold out a member of EUSFLAT please fill in the registration form. Hungarian Fuzzy Society Established in 1998. Honorary president Tibor Vmos. hot seat Imre Rudas. EUROFUSE Working Group on Fuzzy Sets of EURO Established in 1975. The purpose of EUROFUSE is to communicate and promote the knowledge of the theory of fuzzy sets and related areas and their applications.Telecommunication essays research papers Fuzzy Sets and Systems Lotfi A. Zadeh, The founder of fuzzy logic comp.ai.fuzzy New fuzzy archive by thread. Fuzzy Logic Tools and Companies. General sources of fuzzy information. Maintained by Bob John. Conferences and Workshops on Fuzzy Systems 1990-2001 From the Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory of the Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece World Federation on Soft Computing Artificial Intelligence-related a great deal Asked Questions Professional Organizations and NetworksInternational Fuzzy Systems Association (IFSA) IFSA is a worldwide organization dedicated to the support and development of the theory of fuzzy sets and systems and related areas and their applications, publishes the International daybook of Fuzzy Sets and Systems, holds International conferences, establishes chapters and sponsors other activities. Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Systems (SOFT) Established in 1989. SOFT has 1,670 individual members and 74 company members, publishes an official periodic journal and organizes fuzzy systems symposiums. There are 8 regional branc hes and 8 research groups in SOFT. Berkeley Initiative in Soft Computing (BISC) BISC Program is the world-leading optic for basic and applied research in soft computing. The principal constituents of soft computing (SC) are fuzzy logic (FL), neural network theory (NN) and probabilistic reasoning (PR), with the latter subsuming belief networks, evolutionary computing including DNA computing, chaos theory and parts of learning theory. North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society (NAFIPS) As the premier fuzzy society in North America established in 1981, our purpose is to help guide and encourage the development of fuzzy sets and related technologies for the benefit of mankind. Please mail questions/comments to the NAFIPS president (presidentnafips.org) or to the NAFIPS web site maintainer (webmasternafips.org). Spanish Association of Fuzzy Logic and Technologies Promotes and disseminates the methods, techniques and developments of Fuzzy Logic and Technologies Establish relatio ns with other national or international Associations with similar aims Organizes seminars and round tables on Fuzzy Logic and Technologies. Fuzzy Research Groups in Spain. The European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology (EUSFLAT) Established in 1998. The main goal of EUSFLAT are to represent the European fuzzy community of IFSA. To render a member of EUSFLAT please fill in the registration form. Hungarian Fuzzy Society Established in 1998. Honorary president Tibor Vmos. electric chair Imre Rudas. EUROFUSE Working Group on Fuzzy Sets of EURO Established in 1975. The purpose of EUROFUSE is to communicate and promote the knowledge of the theory of fuzzy sets and related areas and their applications.